Define and clearly distinguish oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Explain the basic principle governing the reciprocal exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood, and between the blood and individual cells. Can “dead space volume” be measured from a spirogram? Briefly justify your answer. Identify the following measurements on a spirogram, and describe what each measurement represents physiologically:. Sketch a spirogram showing several normal breaths followed by one deep inspiration and one forced exhalation. Interpret a spirogram and define the respiratory volumes and capacities a spirogram depicts. Concentration of hydrogen ions (protons) in the blood. Partial pressure (or concentration of oxygen gas in the blood. Partial pressure (or concentration) of carbon dioxide gas in the blood. Describe the mechanisms by which each of the following influence the rate of breathing:. Describe how carbon dioxide, oxygen and hydrogen ions control the rate of breathing. Describe how breathing is modulated by the nervous system, making reference to all of the following structures:. Describe the nervous control of breathing. 
The direction of air travel at each step. Changes in the intra-alveolar pressure at each step. 
Changes in the volume of the thoracic cavity at each step.The two passive processes required for quiet exhalation.The skeletal muscles required for quiet inhalation.Describe the mechanism of pulmonary ventilation in humans, including a detailed description of the processes of quiet inspiration (inhalation) and quiet expiration (exhalation).
Explain the mechanism of ventilation (inspiration and expiration) in humans, including the roles of the structures involved. Include the location, general structure and function of all the following components:
Draw a series of fully-annotated diagrams showing the structure of the respiratory system. Describe the location and function(s) of the major components of the human respiratory system. At the end of this unit, you should be able to complete all the following tasks, including answering the guiding questions associated with each task.
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